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鄭州陶粒

陶(tao)粒輕集料混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)的介紹

陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是人造建(jian)筑輕(qing)(qing)集料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡稱(cheng)，其(qi)(qi)原料(liao)(liao)(liao)來源(yuan)廣泛，根據原料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)(wei)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、頁(ye)巖陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、煤研石淘粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)粉(fen)煤灰淘粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。按(an)(an)容重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)(wei)一(yi)般容重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)淘粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)（>400kg/m㎡），超(chao)輕(qing)(qing)容重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)（400~200kg/m㎡）特(te)輕(qing)(qing)容重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)（<200kg/m㎡）按(an)(an)顆粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)大(da)小可(ke)(ke)集分為(wei)(wei)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)（>5mm和(he)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)砂（<5mm3陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集料(liao)(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)具有自(zi)(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輕(qing)(qing)、保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)隔熱(re)、耐(nai)(nai)(nai)火性(xing)(xing)能(neng)、彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)形良(liang)好(hao)、耐(nai)(nai)(nai)久性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好(hao)等特(te)點。結構陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集料(liao)(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常用混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)等級為(wei)(wei)CL15~CL60，與(yu)(yu)普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)相(xiang)當，其(qi)(qi)高配置強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)可(ke)(ke)達70MPa，而與(yu)(yu)同強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)相(xiang)比，可(ke)(ke)減(jian)輕(qing)(qing)自(zi)(zi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)20%~30%。結構保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集料(liao)(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)是一(yi)種保(bao)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墻體材料(liao)(liao)(liao)，其(qi)(qi)熱(re)導(dao)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)0.233~0.523W（mk），僅為(wei)(wei)普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)12%~33%，與(yu)(yu)加(jia)氣混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)接近。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是經(jing)高溫(wen)(wen)（1200~1300℃）焙(bei)燒(shao)而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，內部有較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二氧化(hua)硅（SiO2）和(he)三氧化(hua)二鋁（Al2O2），因(yin)此耐(nai)(nai)(nai)火度(du)(du)較(jiao)高。經(jing)試驗測定(ding)，燒(shao)結陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)火度(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)1610℃，可(ke)(ke)以用來配制(zhi)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)熱(re)1000℃左右的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集料(liao)(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)形性(xing)(xing)能(neng)良(liang)好(hao)，彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)里較(jiao)低(di)(di)(di)，在(zai)一(yi)般情(qing)況下，收縮(suo)和(he)徐變(bian)也較(jiao)大(da)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集料(liao)(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)量(liang)與(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)容重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)成正(zheng)比。容重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)越小、強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)越低(di)(di)(di)，彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)量(liang)也越低(di)(di)(di)。與(yu)(yu)同強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)相(xiang)比，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集料(liao)(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)量(liang)低(di)(di)(di)25%~65%。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)具有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)，在(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中(zhong)加(jia)入一(yi)定(ding)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飽水(shui)(shui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，可(ke)(ke)以從混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)內釋(shi)放水(shui)(shui)分對混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)產生養護作用，稱(cheng)作“內養護”。這樣可(ke)(ke)以有效降低(di)(di)(di)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內干(gan)燥導(dao)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收縮(suo)（自(zi)(zi)生收縮(suo)），防止(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)發生收縮(suo)裂(lie)縫，提高混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)久性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。由高溫(wen)(wen)燒(shao)結陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)集料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，能(neng)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)酸堿、耐(nai)(nai)(nai)腐蝕，大(da)量(liang)試金研究表明(ming)，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗滲(shen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)、抗凍性(xing)(xing)能(neng)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)酸堿腐蝕性(xing)(xing)能(neng)均優于普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)在(zai)15MPa以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)鋼筋銹蝕率(lv)低(di)(di)(di)于普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。

陶(tao)(tao)拉輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外發展現狀美國(guo)(guo)(guo)早在1913年(nian)就研(yan)(yan)制頁巖陶(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)（又稱膨脹頁巖），用(yong)(yong)于配制30~35MPa的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)，應用(yong)(yong)在房屋建(jian)筑、船舶制造和(he)橋梁工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。自(zi)90年(nian)代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)陶(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)取(qu)代普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)，修建(jian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)休斯(si)敦貝(bei)殼廣場(chang)大廈并取(qu)得(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)顯著的(de)(de)(de)技術經濟益(yi)。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)高(gao)強(qiang)陶(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)造了(le)(le)(le)(le)北海石油(you)平臺。20世(shi)紀90年(nian)代初期，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)、挪威(wei)日本及東(dong)歐等國(guo)(guo)(guo)家研(yan)(yan)究了(le)(le)(le)(le)高(gao)性能粒(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)配方、生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)藝、高(gao)性能陶(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)等，重點在于改(gai)善混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)性和(he)耐(nai)久性，并取(qu)得(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一定的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)果。威(wei)已成(cheng)應用(yong)(yong)CL60級輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)建(jian)造了(le)(le)(le)(le)世(shi)界上跨度大的(de)(de)(de)懸臂橋；日本則在1998年(nian)成(cheng)立了(le)(le)(le)(le)一個(ge)由18家公司組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)強(qiang)輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)研(yan)(yan)究委員會，專(zhuan)門研(yan)(yan)究粉煤灰輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)。自(zi)1993年(nian)以來(lai)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)晦年(nian)陶(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)使用(yong)(yong)量都在350萬(wan)~415萬(wan)m2，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)于結構混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)部分在80萬(wan)m2左右。挪威(wei)自(zi)1987年(nian)以來(lai)，已應用(yong)(yong)高(gao)性能輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)施工(gong)(gong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)11座橋梁，日本輕(qing)(qing)集(ji)料(liao)(liao)年(nian)產(chan)量1999年(nian)達到了(le)(le)(le)(le)277萬(wan)m2。如(ru)今(jin)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)外發達國(guo)(guo)(guo)家高(gao)性能陶(tao)(tao)粒(li)(li)(li)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)已取(qu)得(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)經驗，CL50、7CL60陶粒混凝土已在工程中大量使用。此外，陶粒輕集料混凝土砌淺塊合墻板發展較快，東歐國家55%的大型墻板和95%的建筑砌塊是用陶粒混凝土制成的；美國80%以上的陶粒用于制作墻體用的小砌塊，其陶粒混凝土砌塊約占混凝土砌塊總量的50%左右。陶粒輕集料混凝土的國內發展現狀我國于20世紀60年代起開始研制人造陶粒，陶粒產品主要有頁巖陶粒、粉煤灰陶粒和粘土陶粒等。在1960年我國在河南平頂山建成了第一座陶粒混凝土大橋-洛河大橋。到了90年代初期，由于我國的陶拉質量較差，以粉煤灰為主的其它品種粒的質量不盡人意，配制的結構用陶粒混凝土的表觀密度一般為1800~1950kg/m㎡，抗壓強度為5.0~25MPa，即密度較大，而強度偏低。

直到20世紀90年代(dai)中后(hou)期(qi)，隨著對(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)節能(neng)(neng)和建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物功(gong)能(neng)(neng)性要(yao)求的(de)(de)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)性能(neng)(neng)輕集(ji)(ji)料混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)和應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)也得到了快速發展。在(zai)此背景下，陶粒混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)又開始(shi)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)和橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)程(cheng)中獲得應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，如(ru)天津(jin)市政工(gong)程(cheng)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)院研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)CL50結構(gou)輕集(ji)(ji)料混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)在(zai)永定(ding)新河大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)得到應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)；珠海國際(ji)會議(yi)中心20層(ceng)(ceng)以(yi)(yi)上部位全都采用(yong)(yong)(yong)CL40輕集(ji)(ji)料混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)。阜新22層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)商業大(da)廈(sha)，本溪20層(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)(jian)溪大(da)廈(sha)都是以(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)燃(ran)煤(mei)研(yan)石混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)為主體結構(gou)材(cai)料。鐵道(dao)部大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)局橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)科(ke)(ke)技研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所(suo)將CL40粉煤(mei)灰陶粒高(gao)(gao)(gao)強混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)成功(gong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)金山公路跨度(du)(du)為22m的(de)(de)箱形預應(ying)力橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)，使(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)重降低了20%以(yi)(yi)上。目前，我國陶粒輕集(ji)(ji)料混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)產業已(yi)經形成一定(ding)規模，陶粒混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)砌塊占70%左右；陶粒混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)板(ban)材(cai)（空心隔墻(qiang)板(ban)、復合保溫墻(qiang)板(ban)、屋面板(ban)、樓板(ban)等）占15%左右；現澆高(gao)(gao)(gao)強混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)（高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)框(kuang)架(jia)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)工(gong)程(cheng)等）約占2%~3%，其它方面的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)（耐(nai)火隔熱(re)制品、吸(xi)聲磚、園(yuan)林和花卉、化(hua)工(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)品等）約占12%~13%。在(zai)大(da)量科(ke)(ke)研(yan)的(de)(de)基礎上，基本建(jian)(jian)立了標準(zhun)化(hua)體系。但是，我國粒混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)仍主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)低強度(du)(du)的(de)(de)非承重結構(gou)，如(ru)生產小砌塊；在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)和大(da)跨度(du)(du)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)中應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)與(yu)國外相比還很少(shao)，與(yu)發達(da)國家仍有不(bu)小的(de)(de)差距。

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